Antonio Spilimbergo

Last Updated: April 14, 2022

Antonio Spilimbergo

Antonio Spilimbergo studied economics at the University Bocconi of Milan where he worked for a year. He received his Ph.D. in economics from M.I.T. in 1994. He worked at the Inter-American Development Bank. Since July 1997, he has worked in the European, Fiscal, Research, and Western Hemisphere departments at the I.M.F.. His areas of interest are: international trade, development, labor economics, political economy, and macroeconomics. His main publications were published in the American Economic Review, American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics ,Journal of Economic Growth, Review of Economic Studies, Journal of International Economics, Journal of Development Economics, Carnegie-Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy . He edited two books on Europe and Brazil and he is author of the book "Si-Vax". He has been mission chief for Slovenia, Italy, Russia, Turkey, and Brazil. He is a Research Fellow at the CEPR.

Email: ASPILIMBERGO@imf.org

Fluent In: Italian, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish.

Education:

Ph.D. in Economics MIT May 1994

B.A., Economics, Universitá Bocconi, Milan, May 1989


Previous Experience:

Researcher at CESPRI (Research Institute at Universitá Bocconi, Milan-Italy)
June 1989 - July 1990

Translation of the book “Protectionism” by J. Bhagwati from English into Italian.
1990

Research Assistant for Professor Olivier Blanchard
Summer 1992

Research Assistant for Professor Stanley Fischer
July 1993

Teaching Assistant at MIT for Professors Stanley Fischer and Roland Bénabou
September 1992-January 1994

Economist at the Inter-American Development Bank
July 1994 - July 1997

Economist at the I.M.F.
July 1997- present


Editorial Activities:

Member of the Editorial Board of the IMF Staff Papers 2003-2009.

Editor of the IMF Research Bulletin 2005-2008.

Member of the Editorial Board of the IMF Economic Review August 2009-

Referee for: American Economic Review. Canadian Journal of Economics. Contemporary Economic Policy. Eastern Economic Journal. Economic Development and Cultural Change. Economic Inquiry. Economic Journal. Economica. Economics of Education Review. Economics of Transition. Educational Research and Reviews. Empirical Economics. Energy Journal. European Economic Review. European Journal of Comparative Economics. Il Giornale degli Economisti. International Economic Review. International Migration Review. International Journal of Business and Economics. Journal of Applied Economics. Journal of Conflict Resolution. Journal of Development Economics. Journal of Economic Growth. Journal of Economic Literature. Journal of Economics and Statistics. Journal of Economic Integration. Journal of Economic Literature. Journal of the European Economic Association. Journal of Human Resources. Journal of International Economics. Journal of International Trade and Economic Development. Journal of Labor Economics. Journal of Policy Reform. Journal of Population Economics. Journal of Public Economics. Journal of the Royal Statistics Society. Journal of Urban Economics. National Research Council. Labour. Oxford Economic Papers. Papers in Regional Science. Quarterly Journal of Economics. Research in Economics. Review of Development Economics. Review of Economic Studies. Review of Economics and Statistics. Review of International Economics. Rivista di Politica Economica. Scandinavian Journal of Economics. Scottish Journal of Political Economy, Southern Economic Journal. The World Bank Economic Review. World Development.


Others:

William Davidson Institute Research Fellow
August 2003 - present

CEPR Research Fellow
September 2003- present

Centre for Research and Analysis of Migration. External Fellow
April 2009- present

International Trade

Development

Macroeconomics

IMF Books and Working Papers:

Preferences for Reforms: Endowments vs. Beliefs , Working Paper No. 2022/033 , February 18, 2022

E-commerce During Covid: Stylized Facts from 47 Economies , Working Paper No. 2022/019 , January 28, 2022

Measuring U.S. Core Inflation: The Stress Test of COVID-19 , Working Paper No. 2021/291 , December 17, 2021

Mobility under the COVID-19 Pandemic: Asymmetric Effects across Gender and Age , Working Paper No. 2020/282 , December 11, 2020

Economic Policy Uncertainty in Turkey , Working Paper No. 18/272 , December 10, 2018

Populism and Civil Society , Working Paper No. 18/245 , November 16, 2018

The Refugee Surge in Europe : Economic Challenges , Staff Discussion Notes No. 16/2 , January 20, 2016

Wage Moderation in Crises : Policy Considerations and Applications to the Euro Area , Staff Discussion Notes No. 15/22 , November 17, 2015

Jobs and Growth , April 10, 2014

Structural Reforms and Regional Convergence , Working Paper No. 12/106 , April 01, 2012

Monetary Transmission in Low Income Countries , Working Paper No. 10/223 , October 01, 2010

Democracy and Reforms: Evidence from a New Dataset , Working Paper No. 10/173 , July 01, 2010

Structural Reforms and Economic Performance in Advanced and Developing Countries , Occasional Paper No. 268 , October 15, 2009

Fiscal Multipliers , Staff Position Note No. 2009/11 , May 20, 2009

Fiscal Multipliers , Staff Position Note No. 2009/11 , May 20, 2009

Fiscal Policy in Sub-Saharan Africa in Response to the Impact of the Global Crisis , Staff Position Note No. 2009/10 , May 14, 2009

Fiscal Policy in Sub-Saharan Africa in Response to the Impact of the Global Crisis , Staff Position Note No. 2009/10 , May 14, 2009

Exchange Rates and Wages in an Integrated World , Working Paper No. 09/44 , March 01, 2009

Fiscal Policy for the Crisis , Staff Position Note No. 2008/01 , January 07, 2009

IMF Research Bulletin, June 2007 , IMF Research Bulletin, Volume 8, No. 2 , March 13, 2008

IMF Research Bulletin, September 2007 , IMF Research Bulletin, Volume 8, No. 3 , August 13, 2007

IMF Research Bulletin, September 2007 , IMF Research Bulletin, Volume 8, No. 3 , August 13, 2007

IMF Research Bulletin, March 2007 , IMF Research Bulletin, Volume 8, No. 1 , March 01, 2007

Democracy and Foreign Education , Working Paper No. 07/51 , March 01, 2007

IMF Research Bulletin, December 2006 , IMF Research Bulletin, Volume 7, No. 4 , December 05, 2006

IMF Research Bulletin, September 2006 , IMF Research Bulletin, Volume 7, No. 3 , August 09, 2006

Measuring the Performance of Fiscal Policy in Russia , Working Paper No. 05/241 , December 01, 2005

Russia's Regions: Income Volatility, Labor Mobility and Fiscal Policy , Working Paper No. 05/185 , September 01, 2005

Family Attachment and the Decision to Move by Race , Working Paper No. 02/83 , May 01, 2002

A Model of Multiple Equilibria in Geographic Labor Mobility , Working Paper No. 02/31 , February 01, 2002

Physical Capital Adjustment within Spain: Long-Run and Short-Run Analysis , Working Paper No. 01/17 , February 01, 2001

Crises and Liquidity - Evidence and Interpretation , Working Paper No. 01/2 , January 01, 2001

What Happened to Asian Exports During the Crisis? , Working Paper No. 00/200 , December 01, 2000

Real Effective Exchange Rate and the Constant Elasticity of Substitution Assumption , Working Paper No. 00/128 , July 01, 2000

Perspectives on Regional Unemployment in Europe , Occasional Paper No. 177 , May 17, 1999

Copper and the Chilean Economy, 1960-98 , Working Paper No. 99/57 , April 01, 1999

How Do the Skilled and the Unskilled Respond to Regional Shocks? The Case of Spain , Working Paper No. 98/77 , May 01, 1998

Other Published Materials

“Democracy and Foreign Students”
American Economic Review
March 2009

“Measuring the Performance of Fiscal Policy in Russia”
Emerging Markets Finance and Trade
January 2009

“Who’s Afraid of the Big Enlargement?”
CEPR Policy Paper
No. 7. June 2002. (with G. Bertola, T. Boeri, H. Brücker, F. Coricelli, A. de la Fuente, J. J. Dolado, J. Fitzgerald, P. Garibaldi, G. Hanson, J. F. Jimeno-Serrano, R. Portes, G. Saint-Paul). Summarized in “EU Labor Policies Need Urgent Reform” Transition Newsletter. World Bank. July-August 2002.

“Immigration and the U.S. Economy: Labor-Market Impacts, Illegal Entry, and Policy Choices”
in “Immigration and the Welfare State.”
Tito Boeri, Gordon Hanson and Barry McCormick (editors). Pp. 169-285. Oxford University Press. 2002. (with Gordon Hanson, Kenneth Scheve, Matthew Slaughter)

“Mexican Migration and U.S. Policy Options”
in “Immigration in U.S.-Mexican Relations.”
Peter Hakim and Nora Lustig (editors). Brookings Institution and Inter-American Dialogue. Washington. January 1998. (with Gordon Hanson)

“The Welfare Implications of Trading Blocs among Countries with Different Endowments”
in “The Regionalization of the World Economy.”
Jeffrey Frankel (editor). NBER Conference Volume. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.1998. (with Ernesto Stein)

“What Happened to Asian Exports during the Crisis?”
IMF Staff Papers
Vol. 51(1): pp. 72-95. 2004. (with Rupa Duttagupta).

“Family Attachment and the Decision to Move by Race”
Journal of Urban Economics
Vol. 55: pp 478-497. 2004. (with Luis Ubeda).

“A Model of Multiple Equilibria in Geographic Labor Mobility”
Journal of Development Economics
Vol. 73: pp. 107-123. 2004. (with Luis Ubeda).

“Empirical Models of Short-Term Debt and Crises: Do They Test the Multiple Equilibrium Hypothesis?”
European Economic Review
Vol. 48: pp 379-389. 2004. (with Enrica Detragiache).

“Real Effective Exchange Rate and the Constant Elasticity of Substitution Assumption”
Journal of International Economics
Vol. 60(2): pp 337-357. 2003. (with Athanasios Vamvakidis)

“Copper and the Chilean Economy, 1960-1998”
Journal of Policy Reform
Vol. 5(2): pp. 115-126. 2002.

“Does Border Enforcement Protect U.S. Workers from Illegal Immigration?”
Review of Economics and Statistics
Vol. 84(1): pp 73-92. February 2002. (with Gordon Hanson and Raymond Robertson)

“Political Economy, Terms of Trade, and Border Enforcement”
Canadian Journal of Economics
Vol. 34(3): pp. 612-638. August 2001. (with Gordon Hanson)

“Testing the Hypothesis of Collusive Behavior among OPEC Members”
Energy Economics
Vol. 23(3): pp. 339-53. May 2001.

“Growth and Trade: the North Can Lose”
Journal of Economic Growth
Vol. 5(2): pp 131-46. June 2000.

“Business Cycle and Human Capital Investment: Country Evidence on University Student Flow to the U.S.”
Carnegie-Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy
Issue 52(1): pp 221-56. June 2000. (with Plutarchos Sakellaris)

“Illegal Immigration, Border Enforcement, and Relative Wages: Evidence from Apprehensions at the US-Mexico Border”
American Economic Review
Vol. 89(5): pp. 1337-57. December 1999. (with Gordon Hanson)

“Labor Market Integration, Unemployment and Transfers”
Review of International Economics
Vol. 7(4): pp. 641-50. November 1999.

“Income Distribution, Factor Endowments, and Trade Openness”
Journal of Development Economics
Vol. 59: pp. 77-101. June 1999. (with Juan Luis Londoño and Miguel Székely) Reprinted in ABCDE-Europe/Oslo proceedings. World Bank. 2004.

“How do the skilled and the unskilled respond to regional shocks? The case of Spain”
IMF Staff Papers
Vol. 46(1): pp. 1-17. March 1999. (with Paolo Mauro)

“De-industrialization and Trade”
Review of International Economics
Vol. 6(3): pp. 450-60. August 1998.

“Investment in Education: Do Economic Volatility and Credit Constraints Matter?”
Journal of Development Economics
Vol. 55: pp. 465-81. March 1998. (with Karnit Flug and Erik Wachtenheim)

Other Published Materials

“Macro Shocks and Beliefs”
(with Paola Giuliano) IZA Discussion Paper No. 4365. CEPR Discussion paper No 7399. August 2009. Featured in the Financial Times, Washington Post, Time, New York Times, and Sole 24 Ore.

“Genetic, Geographical, and Cultural Distances”
(with Paola Giuliano and Giovanni Tonon)
IZA Discussion Paper No. 2229. CEPR Discussion paper No. 5807. September 2006.

“Democracy and Reforms” (with Paola Giuliano and Prachi Mishra) CEPR Discussion paper No. 7194. IZA Discussion Paper No. 4032. 2009.

Antonio Spilimbergo

Antonio Spilimbergo studied economics at the University Bocconi of Milan where he worked for a year. He received his Ph.D. in economics from M.I.T. in 1994. He worked at the Inter-American Development Bank. Since July 1997, he has worked in the European, Fiscal, Research, and Western Hemisphere departments at the I.M.F.. His areas of interest are: international trade, development, labor economics, political economy, and macroeconomics. His main publications were published in the American Economic Review, American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics ,Journal of Economic Growth, Review of Economic Studies, Journal of International Economics, Journal of Development Economics, Carnegie-Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy . He edited two books on Europe and Brazil and he is author of the book "Si-Vax". He has been mission chief for Slovenia, Italy, Russia, Turkey, and Brazil. He is a Research Fellow at the CEPR.

Email: ASPILIMBERGO@imf.org

Fluent In: Italian, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish.

Education:

Ph.D. in Economics MIT May 1994

B.A., Economics, Universitá Bocconi, Milan, May 1989


Previous Experience:

Researcher at CESPRI (Research Institute at Universitá Bocconi, Milan-Italy)
June 1989 - July 1990

Translation of the book “Protectionism” by J. Bhagwati from English into Italian.
1990

Research Assistant for Professor Olivier Blanchard
Summer 1992

Research Assistant for Professor Stanley Fischer
July 1993

Teaching Assistant at MIT for Professors Stanley Fischer and Roland Bénabou
September 1992-January 1994

Economist at the Inter-American Development Bank
July 1994 - July 1997

Economist at the I.M.F.
July 1997- present


Editorial Activities:

Member of the Editorial Board of the IMF Staff Papers 2003-2009.

Editor of the IMF Research Bulletin 2005-2008.

Member of the Editorial Board of the IMF Economic Review August 2009-

Referee for: American Economic Review. Canadian Journal of Economics. Contemporary Economic Policy. Eastern Economic Journal. Economic Development and Cultural Change. Economic Inquiry. Economic Journal. Economica. Economics of Education Review. Economics of Transition. Educational Research and Reviews. Empirical Economics. Energy Journal. European Economic Review. European Journal of Comparative Economics. Il Giornale degli Economisti. International Economic Review. International Migration Review. International Journal of Business and Economics. Journal of Applied Economics. Journal of Conflict Resolution. Journal of Development Economics. Journal of Economic Growth. Journal of Economic Literature. Journal of Economics and Statistics. Journal of Economic Integration. Journal of Economic Literature. Journal of the European Economic Association. Journal of Human Resources. Journal of International Economics. Journal of International Trade and Economic Development. Journal of Labor Economics. Journal of Policy Reform. Journal of Population Economics. Journal of Public Economics. Journal of the Royal Statistics Society. Journal of Urban Economics. National Research Council. Labour. Oxford Economic Papers. Papers in Regional Science. Quarterly Journal of Economics. Research in Economics. Review of Development Economics. Review of Economic Studies. Review of Economics and Statistics. Review of International Economics. Rivista di Politica Economica. Scandinavian Journal of Economics. Scottish Journal of Political Economy, Southern Economic Journal. The World Bank Economic Review. World Development.


Others:

William Davidson Institute Research Fellow
August 2003 - present

CEPR Research Fellow
September 2003- present

Centre for Research and Analysis of Migration. External Fellow
April 2009- present

International Trade

Development

Macroeconomics

IMF Books and Working Papers:

Preferences for Reforms: Endowments vs. Beliefs , Working Paper No. 2022/033 , February 18, 2022

E-commerce During Covid: Stylized Facts from 47 Economies , Working Paper No. 2022/019 , January 28, 2022

Measuring U.S. Core Inflation: The Stress Test of COVID-19 , Working Paper No. 2021/291 , December 17, 2021

Mobility under the COVID-19 Pandemic: Asymmetric Effects across Gender and Age , Working Paper No. 2020/282 , December 11, 2020

Economic Policy Uncertainty in Turkey , Working Paper No. 18/272 , December 10, 2018

Populism and Civil Society , Working Paper No. 18/245 , November 16, 2018

The Refugee Surge in Europe : Economic Challenges , Staff Discussion Notes No. 16/2 , January 20, 2016

Wage Moderation in Crises : Policy Considerations and Applications to the Euro Area , Staff Discussion Notes No. 15/22 , November 17, 2015

Jobs and Growth , April 10, 2014

Structural Reforms and Regional Convergence , Working Paper No. 12/106 , April 01, 2012

Monetary Transmission in Low Income Countries , Working Paper No. 10/223 , October 01, 2010

Democracy and Reforms: Evidence from a New Dataset , Working Paper No. 10/173 , July 01, 2010

Structural Reforms and Economic Performance in Advanced and Developing Countries , Occasional Paper No. 268 , October 15, 2009

Fiscal Multipliers , Staff Position Note No. 2009/11 , May 20, 2009

Fiscal Multipliers , Staff Position Note No. 2009/11 , May 20, 2009

Fiscal Policy in Sub-Saharan Africa in Response to the Impact of the Global Crisis , Staff Position Note No. 2009/10 , May 14, 2009

Fiscal Policy in Sub-Saharan Africa in Response to the Impact of the Global Crisis , Staff Position Note No. 2009/10 , May 14, 2009

Exchange Rates and Wages in an Integrated World , Working Paper No. 09/44 , March 01, 2009

Fiscal Policy for the Crisis , Staff Position Note No. 2008/01 , January 07, 2009

IMF Research Bulletin, June 2007 , IMF Research Bulletin, Volume 8, No. 2 , March 13, 2008

IMF Research Bulletin, September 2007 , IMF Research Bulletin, Volume 8, No. 3 , August 13, 2007

IMF Research Bulletin, September 2007 , IMF Research Bulletin, Volume 8, No. 3 , August 13, 2007

IMF Research Bulletin, March 2007 , IMF Research Bulletin, Volume 8, No. 1 , March 01, 2007

Democracy and Foreign Education , Working Paper No. 07/51 , March 01, 2007

IMF Research Bulletin, December 2006 , IMF Research Bulletin, Volume 7, No. 4 , December 05, 2006

IMF Research Bulletin, September 2006 , IMF Research Bulletin, Volume 7, No. 3 , August 09, 2006

Measuring the Performance of Fiscal Policy in Russia , Working Paper No. 05/241 , December 01, 2005

Russia's Regions: Income Volatility, Labor Mobility and Fiscal Policy , Working Paper No. 05/185 , September 01, 2005

Family Attachment and the Decision to Move by Race , Working Paper No. 02/83 , May 01, 2002

A Model of Multiple Equilibria in Geographic Labor Mobility , Working Paper No. 02/31 , February 01, 2002

Physical Capital Adjustment within Spain: Long-Run and Short-Run Analysis , Working Paper No. 01/17 , February 01, 2001

Crises and Liquidity - Evidence and Interpretation , Working Paper No. 01/2 , January 01, 2001

What Happened to Asian Exports During the Crisis? , Working Paper No. 00/200 , December 01, 2000

Real Effective Exchange Rate and the Constant Elasticity of Substitution Assumption , Working Paper No. 00/128 , July 01, 2000

Perspectives on Regional Unemployment in Europe , Occasional Paper No. 177 , May 17, 1999

Copper and the Chilean Economy, 1960-98 , Working Paper No. 99/57 , April 01, 1999

How Do the Skilled and the Unskilled Respond to Regional Shocks? The Case of Spain , Working Paper No. 98/77 , May 01, 1998

Other Published Materials

“Democracy and Foreign Students”
American Economic Review
March 2009

“Measuring the Performance of Fiscal Policy in Russia”
Emerging Markets Finance and Trade
January 2009

“Who’s Afraid of the Big Enlargement?”
CEPR Policy Paper
No. 7. June 2002. (with G. Bertola, T. Boeri, H. Brücker, F. Coricelli, A. de la Fuente, J. J. Dolado, J. Fitzgerald, P. Garibaldi, G. Hanson, J. F. Jimeno-Serrano, R. Portes, G. Saint-Paul). Summarized in “EU Labor Policies Need Urgent Reform” Transition Newsletter. World Bank. July-August 2002.

“Immigration and the U.S. Economy: Labor-Market Impacts, Illegal Entry, and Policy Choices”
in “Immigration and the Welfare State.”
Tito Boeri, Gordon Hanson and Barry McCormick (editors). Pp. 169-285. Oxford University Press. 2002. (with Gordon Hanson, Kenneth Scheve, Matthew Slaughter)

“Mexican Migration and U.S. Policy Options”
in “Immigration in U.S.-Mexican Relations.”
Peter Hakim and Nora Lustig (editors). Brookings Institution and Inter-American Dialogue. Washington. January 1998. (with Gordon Hanson)

“The Welfare Implications of Trading Blocs among Countries with Different Endowments”
in “The Regionalization of the World Economy.”
Jeffrey Frankel (editor). NBER Conference Volume. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.1998. (with Ernesto Stein)

“What Happened to Asian Exports during the Crisis?”
IMF Staff Papers
Vol. 51(1): pp. 72-95. 2004. (with Rupa Duttagupta).

“Family Attachment and the Decision to Move by Race”
Journal of Urban Economics
Vol. 55: pp 478-497. 2004. (with Luis Ubeda).

“A Model of Multiple Equilibria in Geographic Labor Mobility”
Journal of Development Economics
Vol. 73: pp. 107-123. 2004. (with Luis Ubeda).

“Empirical Models of Short-Term Debt and Crises: Do They Test the Multiple Equilibrium Hypothesis?”
European Economic Review
Vol. 48: pp 379-389. 2004. (with Enrica Detragiache).

“Real Effective Exchange Rate and the Constant Elasticity of Substitution Assumption”
Journal of International Economics
Vol. 60(2): pp 337-357. 2003. (with Athanasios Vamvakidis)

“Copper and the Chilean Economy, 1960-1998”
Journal of Policy Reform
Vol. 5(2): pp. 115-126. 2002.

“Does Border Enforcement Protect U.S. Workers from Illegal Immigration?”
Review of Economics and Statistics
Vol. 84(1): pp 73-92. February 2002. (with Gordon Hanson and Raymond Robertson)

“Political Economy, Terms of Trade, and Border Enforcement”
Canadian Journal of Economics
Vol. 34(3): pp. 612-638. August 2001. (with Gordon Hanson)

“Testing the Hypothesis of Collusive Behavior among OPEC Members”
Energy Economics
Vol. 23(3): pp. 339-53. May 2001.

“Growth and Trade: the North Can Lose”
Journal of Economic Growth
Vol. 5(2): pp 131-46. June 2000.

“Business Cycle and Human Capital Investment: Country Evidence on University Student Flow to the U.S.”
Carnegie-Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy
Issue 52(1): pp 221-56. June 2000. (with Plutarchos Sakellaris)

“Illegal Immigration, Border Enforcement, and Relative Wages: Evidence from Apprehensions at the US-Mexico Border”
American Economic Review
Vol. 89(5): pp. 1337-57. December 1999. (with Gordon Hanson)

“Labor Market Integration, Unemployment and Transfers”
Review of International Economics
Vol. 7(4): pp. 641-50. November 1999.

“Income Distribution, Factor Endowments, and Trade Openness”
Journal of Development Economics
Vol. 59: pp. 77-101. June 1999. (with Juan Luis Londoño and Miguel Székely) Reprinted in ABCDE-Europe/Oslo proceedings. World Bank. 2004.

“How do the skilled and the unskilled respond to regional shocks? The case of Spain”
IMF Staff Papers
Vol. 46(1): pp. 1-17. March 1999. (with Paolo Mauro)

“De-industrialization and Trade”
Review of International Economics
Vol. 6(3): pp. 450-60. August 1998.

“Investment in Education: Do Economic Volatility and Credit Constraints Matter?”
Journal of Development Economics
Vol. 55: pp. 465-81. March 1998. (with Karnit Flug and Erik Wachtenheim)

Other Published Materials

“Macro Shocks and Beliefs”
(with Paola Giuliano) IZA Discussion Paper No. 4365. CEPR Discussion paper No 7399. August 2009. Featured in the Financial Times, Washington Post, Time, New York Times, and Sole 24 Ore.

“Genetic, Geographical, and Cultural Distances”
(with Paola Giuliano and Giovanni Tonon)
IZA Discussion Paper No. 2229. CEPR Discussion paper No. 5807. September 2006.

“Democracy and Reforms” (with Paola Giuliano and Prachi Mishra) CEPR Discussion paper No. 7194. IZA Discussion Paper No. 4032. 2009.